| Mutation
Uncertainty |
Opinions vary widely about what exactly constitutes a mutation
and how they are produced varies widely. How does one know that a
change is not just an expression of an already present but hidden
genetic characteristic? Some even claim that the Cytoplash contains
genetic coding capability and not the nucleus. |
| Mutation Frequency |
Very
rare naturally (due to DNS repair mechanism). Estimates vary from
1 in 10,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 or 1 in a million animals or once in
a million lifetimes |
| How Goes Evolution |
Simpson - probability of 5 mutations
in the same nucleus = 10-22. "With an average breeding population
of 100 million individuals and an average length of generation of
one day, again extremely favorable postulates, such an event would
be expected only once in 274 billion years, or about a hundred times
the probable age of the earth. ... unless there is an unknown factor
tremendously increasing the chance of simultaneous mutations, such
as process has played no part whatever in evolutions." |
| Mutations
Harmful |
There is consensus among Evolutionists that mutations are harmful. |
| Fried |
"We
have to face one particular fact, one so peculiar that in the opinion
of some people it makes nonsense of the whole theory of evolution.
Although the Biological theory calls for incorporation of beneficial
variants in the living populations, a vast majority of the mutants
observed in any organism are detrimental to welfare. Some are
lethal, causing incurable diseases or deaths. Others are sub-lethal
killing off or incapacitating most of the carriers but allowing some
to escape. Still others are sub-vital, damaging health, resistance
or vigor in a variety of ways." |
| Martin |
"The mass of evidence show that
all, or almost all, known mutations are unmistakably pathological
and the few remaining ones are highly suspect..." |
| Mayr |
"... It is a
considerable strain on one's credulity to assume that finely balanced
systems such as certain sense organs (the eye of vertebrates, or the
bird's feather) could be improved upon by random mutations." |
| Nilsson |
"...
Therefore mutations are never found in nature (e.g. not a single one
of the several hundreds of Drosophila Mutations), and therefore they
are able to appear only in the favorable environment of the experimental
field or laboratory..." |
| Dobzhansky |
"A majority of mutations, both those
arising in the laboratories and those stored in natural populations
produce deteriorations of the viability, hereditary disease and monstrosities.
Such changes it would seem, can hardly serve as evolutionary building
blocks." |
| Increased Mutation Rate |
The poor Fruit Fly (Drosophila) has
been radiated, heated, gassed and tortured in all imaginable ways
for nearly a hundred years - increased mutation rates of 15,000% -
not a single beneficial change observed. But thousands of bizarre
changes have been created and most often the result has been dead
Fruit Flies. |
| Natural Selection |
The thesis that the struggle to
survive will naturally select the strong or fittest over the weak
or ill-adapted individual. But what is actually observed is that natural
selection leads to stabilization of an existing species, not to a
higher order - it counteracts transformation. |